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Feeling Smart: Why Our Emotions Are More Rational Than We Think, by Eyal Winter
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Which is smarter—your head or your gut? It’s a familiar refrain: you’re getting too emotional. Try and think rationally. But is it always good advice?
In this surprising book, Eyal Winter asks a simple question: why do we have emotions? If they lead to such bad decisions, why hasn’t evolution long since made emotions irrelevant? The answer is that, even though they may not behave in a purely logical manner, our emotions frequently lead us to better, safer, more optimal outcomes.
In fact, as Winter discovers, there is often logic in emotion, and emotion in logic. For instance, many mutually beneficial commitments—such as marriage, or being a member of a team—are only possible when underscored by emotion rather than deliberate thought. The difference between pleasurable music and bad noise is mathematically precise; yet it is also something we feel at an instinctive level. And even though people are usually overconfident—how can we all be above average?—we often benefit from our arrogance.
Feeling Smart brings together game theory, evolution, and behavioral science to produce a surprising and very persuasive defense of how we think, even when we don’t.
- Sales Rank: #685284 in Books
- Published on: 2014-12-30
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.50" h x 6.50" w x 1.25" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 288 pages
Review
“It is that rare book that a casual reader could open at a random page and expect to find something interesting…For the casual reader, Feeling Smart is a fascinating…romp through the positive ways that emotions can shape our actions. It is also a helpful balm for those who worry that their emotions occasionally over-run their ‘higher faculties’.”—Financial Times
“Insightful and intriguing.” —Success Magazine
“Filled with fascinating studies and personal anecdotes…A lively, accessible work.” —Kirkus Reviews
“[Feeling Smart] gives plentiful insights into the many factors that govern our choices...we can at least begin, with its help, to reason with our emotions through their inherent foundation of rationality.” —Publishers Weekly
“Eyal Winter’s book admirably draws together the important recent work on social and individual behavior and its implications for economic behavior. He shows clearly how the more traditional rational analysis remains an important part of explanation, but is by no means adequate. His exposition is breezily informal, yet rigorous; accounts from his family join seamlessly with citations on the literature, to which he himself has made significant contributions.”—Kenneth Arrow, Nobel Laureate in Economics
“Eyal Winter’s breezy guide to when and why it is sometimes perfectly rational to let the heart rule the head is as fresh as it is clever. In his brisk tour of the burgeoning field of experimental economics, Professor Winter shows that sense and sensibility are complements rather than polar opposites, and proves his point with intriguing insights into hot-button issues like affirmative action and the Arab-Israeli conflict. Feeling Smart will leave you feeling not only smarter, but more optimistic as well.”—Sylvia Nasar, author, A Beautiful Mind
“In Feeling Smart Eyal Winter shows us how the emotions that we sometimes wish we didn’t have, such as anger and envy, can be surprisingly useful. You will certainly not be less angry after reading this book, but you will better understand the focus that shapes your emotions.”—Dan Ariely, bestselling author of Predictably Irrational
“Many suppose that the domains of emotion and rational thought are always separate. But as this intriguing book demonstrates they are wrong: emotional sensibility makes an important contribution to rational decision making. Feeling Smart shows us how.”—Lawrence Summers, former President of Harvard University and former Secretary of the Treasury of the United States
“Feeling Smart puts the social back into social science. The truth is that there’s a touchy feely aspect of Game Theory, and Winter shows how expressing and understanding your feelings (and those around you) will help you become a far better strategist. Be smarter or be smarting, your call.”—Barry Nalebuff, Milton Steinbach Professor, Yale School of Management, and coauthor of The Art of Strategy
“Emotions and rationality are often thought of as polar opposites. But Eyal Winter—a leading game theorist and economist—shows compellingly that emotions can actually promote rational behavior. His book makes fascinating reading.”—Eric Maskin, Nobel Laureate in Economics
“It is a pleasure to follow Eyal Winter as he explores the deep logic of illogical emotions and helps us to see the rationality of irrational behavior.”—Roger Myerson, Nobel Laureate in Economics
“Much like Sigmund Freud, Eyal Winter knows that understanding human behavior demands listening and observing rather than labeling and categorizing. But here’s what Freud didn’t know: that framing his findings in the rigorous language of economic theory would be so illuminating, so surprising, and so exciting.”—Robert Lucas, Nobel Laureate in Economics
“We are used to thinking that emotions such as anger, love, insult, and so forth are irrational. In his new book, Eyal Winter explains why these emotions are actually very rational, fulfilling important functions that usually advance the most vital interests of each of us. This is an important, enjoyable, and convincing book.”—Robert J. Aumann, Nobel Laureate in Economics
“Eyal Winter, a distinguished game theorist and behavioral economist, writes about rationality and emotion with compassion and empathy.”—Alvin Roth, Nobel Laureate in Economics
“Eyal Winter has written engagingly on the science of action and emotion; on why and how feelings make us smarter and are central to understanding rational action and interaction in processes of human betterment that are subtly inaccessible to our self-aware consciousness.”
—Vernon Smith, Nobel Laureate in Economics
“Eyal Winter's Feeling Smart brings together, with interpretations from natural selection, most of the work of the past thirty years on Choices and Decisions that transcend "rational choice" but complement and support it, with attention and credit to "emotional" contributions to motivations for choice. You may be acquainted with some or even much of it—I was—but ther's almost certainly enough you didn't know to make it a treasure. It is also fun to read!” -Tom Scheling, Nobel Laureate in Economics
About the Author
Eyal Winter is professor of economics and director of the Center for the Study of Rationality at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, one of the world's leading institutions in the academic study of decision making. He served as chairman of the economics department at Hebrew University and was the 2011 recipient of the Humboldt Prize, awarded by the government of the Federal Republic of Germany. He has lectured at over 130 universities in 26 countries around the world, including Harvard University, Stanford University, Princeton University, the University of California at Berkeley and the University of Cambridge.
Most helpful customer reviews
12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
A tour de Force of Science and Humanities
By Herbert Gintis
This book is a synthesis of the humanistic study of human emotions, the economic theory of rational choice, the experimental evidence on human choice behavior, and Darwinian evolutionary theory. It is a deeply insightful, sensitive, and revealing book that completely justifies the notion that the humanities and the science each grows with the proper association with the other. This is not a self-help book, but if you are an aspiring artist or writer, you will learn much about human nature from this book.
Feeling Smart brought to mind for me one of Yeats’ most poignant yet enigmatic poems, An Irish Airman Foresees His Death. Here is how it goes:
I know that I shall meet my fate
Somewhere among the clouds above;
Those that I fight I do not hate,
Those that I guard I do not love;
…..
Nor law, nor duty bade me fight,
Nor public men, nor cheering crowds,
A lonely impulse of delight
Drove to this tumult in the clouds;
I balanced all, brought all to mind,
The years to come seemed waste of breath,
A waste of breath the years behind
In balance with this life, this death.
We are told that we should make rational, deliberate choices, and the emotionality is the enemy of good choices. Make a list of pros and cons---balance all, bring all to mind. We are also told to follow our heart, to go for our dreams---Faint heart neuer wonne faire Lady. There is, in fact, a deep Aristotelian truth in the notion that wise choices result from an intimately intertwining of reason and emotion---which is why the young are all too often incapable of making wise choices, while the old are incapable of implementing wise choices.
Winter makes excellent use of laboratory game theory, which is a development of the past few decades that links the rational actor model to behavioral game theory in an effort to tease out the varieties of human preferences, reasoning patterns, and systematic strengths and weaknesses. But Winter always relates the results of experiments back to his personal experience and the larger humanist tradition. He also makes it clear that our emotions are the product of evolution. Some of our emotions are quite primitive, including fear and anger, while others, such at shame, guilt, and embarrassment are probably purely human.
As Winter shows us, anger can serve as a mechanism for creating credible commitment, enabling us to improve our strategic positions in interactions with others. … However, although anger is intended to benefit us from an evolutionary perspective, often it also harms us—not only because of the mental suffering that anger can cause, but also because of the implications it can have on our relationships with those toward whom we express our anger. We are often limited in our ability to control our anger in situations in which it does not serve us or even harms us.
Also, Winter shows us how in some cases, the evolutionary advantage of certain emotions can be overwhelmed by their disadvantages in the modern world. Blushing provides a very interesting example. Regret, which has very clear evolutionary advantages, is also an emotional reaction that can have negative effects, sometimes leading us to make suboptimal decisions. If we never felt regret for any of our actions, we would doubtless be quite miserable, doomed to repeat the same mistakes over and over again.
Winter concludes that the border delineating the twin spheres of emotional and rational systems is very thin and convoluted. In most of the occasions in which we are called upon to make decisions, whether those are monumental life-changing decisions or the most mundane, that border is liable to become so blurred that it may disappear entirely. The two systems become intertwined around each other so tightly that they become inseparable. In many cases our emotions are there to enable us to arrive at rapid and nearly automatic decisions, but in other cases, especially when weighty issues are at stake, our emotions challenge our rational thought processes.
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Emotional Game Theory
By L. King
A gentle introduction to evolutionary biology and game theory that describes decision making in negotiated interactions. Winter, a professor of economics and director of the Center for the Study of Rationality at the University of Jerusalem, begins with well known experiments such as "The Prisoner's Dilemma" and other variations, then adds new some new and sometimes counter intuitive conclusions inferred from his own research which factors emotions into determining estimated benefits and desirable outcomes.
The initial premise of game theory is that individuals who negotiate with each other will each prefer results that yield the maximum personal benefit, which in some situations will paradoxically result is the worst outcome for both. Changing the payoff or adding more rounds will change the results. Knowing that they will be rewarded or punished in future plays improve the chances of cooperation even if the participants know it's the final round.
Additionally players will consider the emotional resolve of the other player and their own, and they take into account what they consider to be the strategy of their opponent. One such strategy is "tit for tat", always imitate the action of the other player from the previous round. If both players cooperate then they will always cooperate, however if one player defects then the game continues with each player punishing the other on alternate rounds. Another is the "Grim Reaper" strategy where a player agrees to co-operate, but if crossed will never do so again, which, if believed, has the advantage of acting as a deterrent.
Non-rigorous in its approach, the book is peppered with intriguing insights on topics ranging from poker to dating and mating. Winter discusses the biological arguments for and against two (as opposed to 1 or 3) sexes, how herd behaviour influences one's last minute choices, why employers prefer candidates with degrees but investors like college dropouts, the problem of optimal selection of marriage partners in a group and how the same logic applies to the successful matching of kidney donors and why equitable performance bonuses will fail to achieve desired results. He also examines auctions where, in the spirit of competition, bidders will often pay much more for an item that it is worth. On the other hand in negotiations the party who displays anger and emotional resolve is more likely to walk away with the better deal, or walk away with no deal at all.
Overall quite an interesting read. Recommended!
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
How and why "it is the feeling and thinking person who has the advantage, not the person who relies on thought alone"
By Robert Morris
This book's subtitle suggests that "our emotions are more rational than we think." Major research studies agree that emotions have greater influence on decision making than we once thought. That is not to say, however, that emotional decisions are sounder than are rational decisions. We need both reason and emotion to make the best decisions. (Also, a human/computer partnership will almost always out-perform a human or computer but that is an issue to be addressed another time.) Eyal Winter observes, "Our emotional and intellectual mechanisms work together and sustain each other. Sometimes they cannot be separated at all."
So, why did Winter write this book? His purpose is to "point out how emotions serve us and further our interests, including our most material and immediate interests." He makes use of game theory and the theory of evolution to enable his readers "who may not necessarily be up-to-date with the latest social science research to join in the fascinating discussion that is taking place on the relationship between emotions and rational behavior. These are among the questions to which he responds:
o What is intellectual rationality?
o What is emotional rationality?
o Most of the time, which is more influential? Why?
o Why do we love those who hurt us?
o What are the defining characteristics of an "emotional impostor"?
o What is the "Prisoner's Dilemma" and why can it be significant?
o Does the threat of physical force increase cooperation in the world?
o Why is mistrust a self-fulfilling prophecy?
o Which mechanisms attempt to ensure physical survival?
For many years, I have been among those who make a distinction between enlightened and unenlightened intuition. With rare exception, people never have complete information when having to make an especially important decision. Consider physicians in an ER or officers in combat. Those who have prior training and experience are much better prepared to make a decision than those who don't. There must be a rigorous analysis of the given circumstances, to be sure, but what Eyal Winter characterizes as rational emotions must also be taken into full account.
I think this is what he has in mind when concluding his brilliant book: these emotions "are not a vestigial leftover of the evolutionary process from a long ago primitive past, but rather an effective and sophisticated tool for balancing and complementing our rational side. In the end, it is the feeling and thinking person who has the advantage, not the person who relies on thought alone."
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